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clock December 25, 2008 11:56 by author ethan

夏令时,又称日光节约时制Daylight Saving Time),是一种为节约能源而人为规定地方时间的制度,在这一制度实行期间所采用的统一时间称为夏令时。一般在天亮早的夏季人为将时间提前一小时, 可以使人早起早睡,减少照明量,以充分利用光照资源,从而节约照明用电。各个采纳夏时制的国家具体规定不同。目前全世界有近110个国家每年要实行夏令 时。

 

据说最早建议使用夏时制的是本杰明·富兰克林,他在任美国驻法国大使期间,由于习惯于当时美国农村贵族的早睡早起生活,早上散步时看到法国人10 点才起床,夜生活过到深夜。于是他在1784年的一期《巴黎杂志》上发表了一篇文章,说法国人的生活习惯浪费了大好的阳光,建议法国人早睡早起,说每年可 以节约64百万磅蜡烛。但他当时并没有建议实行夏时制,因为当时根本还没有统一的时区划分。不过夏时制在英语里就是节约阳光时间的意思。

 

直到1907年,一位英国建筑师威廉·维莱特(William Willett)才正式向英国议会提出夏时制的设想,主要是为了节省能源和提供更多的时间用来训练士兵,但议会经过辩论没有采纳。

 

1916年,德国首先实行夏时制,英国因为怕德国会从中得到更大的效益,因此紧跟着也采取了夏时制,夏时制节约了约15%的煤气和电力,但为了弥 补损失,电力和煤气公司也将价格提高了15%。法国不久也效仿实行。1917年,俄罗斯第一次实行了夏令时,但直到1981年才成为一项经常性的制度。 1918年,参加了第一次世界大战的美国也实行了夏时制,但战后立即取消了。

 

1942年,第二次世界大战期间,美国又实行了夏时制,1945年战争结束后取消。1966年,美国重新实行夏时制。欧洲大部分国家从1976年,即第四次中东战争导致首次石油危机3年后(1973年)开始实行夏时制。

 

根据联合国欧洲经济委员会的建议,从1996年起夏令时的有效期推迟到10月份的最后一个星期日。

 

夏令时的影响:

http://www.microsoft.com/china/partner/bulletin/us_dst_notification_jan10.mspx

http://world.people.com.cn/GB/1031/5473289.html

http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=16723


clock December 25, 2008 11:51 by author ethan

Reference:

http://www.mapsofworld.com/usa/thematic-maps/usa-time-zone.html

http://www.time.gov/

 

 

USA Time Zone Map represents the different time zones of the United States of America. USA is divided into six standard time zones. A seventh time zone of the US covers the US Virgin Island and Puerto Rico region. Most of the US States observe daylight saving time for maintaining uniformity of time in certain areas. All these aspects can be learned through a detailed study of United States Time Zone Map.

There are two federal time agencies operating in the US, the Department of Commerce Agency, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and its military counterpart the United States Naval Observatory, which is a defense organization. These agencies provide accurate time of every region of the US.

The USA time zone map given on this page defines the time zone boundaries in the US, which are under the authority of Department of Transportation along with the Daylight Saving Time observances. From Time Zone in the United States chart and USA time zone clock, one can learn about the principal time zones in the US, which are as follows: EST or Eastern Standard Time Zone, which includes the states on Atlantic coast and eastern portion of Ohio valley; CST or Central Standard Time Zone that covers the Gulf coast, Tennessee Valley and Great Plains; MST or Mountain Standard Time Zone, which includes the Rocky Mountains; PST or Pacific Standard Time Zone that covers the states on the Pacific coast including Nevada. Time Zones in the non-contiguous states of US are Alaska Standard Time Zone or AKST and Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time Zone or HAST. All of the Standard time zones are defined in terms of offsets from UTC or Coordinated Universal Time.


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